Karasev Anatoliy T.

The definitions of the "municipality" concept are analyzed. Historical aspects of municipalities emergence in Ancient Rome are considered. The rights of the free citizens of municipalities of the first and second order are demonstrated. The executive power structure in the municipality of Ancient Rome is outlined.
The trends are considered in our country in the times of the Russian Empire (Tsarist Russia) of the executive body of the city public administration of the council or the city duma emerging as an analogue of the Western European municipalities. The article dwells upon the provisions of certain public acts adopted in the late 18th - mid-19th centuries, associated with the local government reform.
The legislative acts provisions of the USSR, the RSFSR and the Russian Federation periods, both previously and presently in force, are studied. The specifics of the local government system development and its implementation procedure in different years are revealed. The local government system of the USSR and the RSFSR period was identified to be the same, and neither of the laws applied the "municipality" concept. He article also notes that there is no mention of municipalities in the subsequent legislative acts of the Russian Federation.
The organization of municipalities in certain foreign countries (the US, Greece, Finland, etc.) has also been analyzed. As a result, it was revealed that in some foreign countries a municipality is referred to as local executive bodies (urban or rural administration, city and district administration), and in others, it is a single administrative-territorial entity. In this case, the "municipality" concept is close in meaning to the "community" and "commune" concepts. And in some US states, the "municipality" concept is broader in meaning: a municipality is understood both as the state itself or any of its corporations, and as an institution or any registered city.
In the final part of the article, the authors propose measures related to the Russian legislation improvement in the considered field.

The article discusses certain aspects of the modular-rating system used in higher education institutions, allowing to identify one or another of its aspects in the process of forming students, as future specialists, with relevant competence.

Purpose. Investigate the legal regulation of appeals of deputies of all levels of power and formulate proposals for improving the legal status of municipal deputies in terms of fixing and regulating their right to file various types of appeals. Methodology. Dialectics, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal-legal method, method of intersectoral legal research. The main method of investigation is a comparative legal method. Results and scope. Firstly, the publication presents a comprehensive analysis of the normative consolidation of the right of deputies of various levels of government (federal, regional and local) to send appeals, and also defines the term "appeal of a deputy". Secondly, a list of deputy appeals that is optimal for the municipal government level is proposed: a usual deputy address (sent, as a rule, in order to obtain information); deputy request (a special and more significant form of deputy referral); deputy question (implemented most often with the hearing of officials at a meeting of a local representative body); deputy proposal. Thirdly, there are three options for regulating the abovementioned parliamentary appeals: amending the Federal Law on General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation, amending the existing laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on guarantees for the exercise of the powers of municipal deputies, acts. Introduced legal regulation should provide for not only the establishment of the right of a deputy to address appeals, but also additional regulation of the procedure for their consideration. This will significantly strengthen the status of municipal deputies, giving them an effective mechanism for upholding the rights and legitimate interests of their constituents.